The application of contrastive analysis in the classroom. For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a formal distinction between singular viel and plural viele. According to the behaviourist theories prevailing at the time, language learning was a question of habit formation, and this could be. Contrastive analysis became associated with behaviorist psychology, which was another separate influence on language teaching, particularly on audiolingual language teaching, and especially in the united states. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. Markedness in universal grammar and second language. Basis for planning courses and designing materials contrastive analysis hypothesis cah points to consider 1. Ca is unable to account for the failures or the success of the learners. Markedness and second language acquisition of word order in. On predicting phonological difficulty in second language acqusition.
Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis request pdf. This is a brief overview of contrastive analysis for the reader to understand the main points. Markedness and second language acquisition of word order. Most of all we must pay more attention to the topic is markedness and second language acquisition. In a markedunmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. Using both psycholinguistic and linguistic analysis, he establishes a sound theoretical basis for ca before going on to illustrate its contribution to the study of. In the remainder of this discussion, i will conduct a contrastive analysis in which i compare the languages respective consonant and vowel systems, as well as a brief exploration of some phonotactic constraints. History the theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in lados linguistics across cultures 1957.
According to eckman, the incorporation of typological markedness into the contrastive analysis hypothesis provides a needed degree of difficulty p. The dominant default or minimumeffort form is known as unmarked. His proposed revision, the markedness differential hypothesis mdh, is stated below. No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis. Jun 25, 20 this looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. Be aware of some differences between arabic and english 4. Oct 17, 2017 in this video, i gave a basic explanation of the principles of the contrastive analysis hypothesis.
The mdh was proposed to address certain empirical problems with the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Major arizona state university eunyi kim gilbert,arizona after contrastive analysis was called into question because it could not predict areas of difficulty, it was modifiedintothesocalledmoderateversion,claimingthat similar phenomena are more difficult to acquire than dis. Humans are thought to possess a certain innate predisposition to induce the rules of a target language from the input to which they are exposed. According to this hypothesis, interference was a main source of errors in the process of second language acquisition.
Readers are encouraged to study more indepth to gain a full appreciation of this hypothesis. Typological markedness and second language phonology. View contrastive analysis research papers on academia. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. Contrastive analysis point of view proposed by lado 1957 in that structural differences between l1 and l2 will lead to learning difficulty. Research issues facilit lemma mediation l1l2 similarity, learner age. L1 and l2, pointing at the specific features of each language system in its major areas. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition.
Markedness universals and the acquisition of voicing contrasts by korean speakers of english volume 18 issue 1 roy c. In the present paper, some of the theoretical assumptions and consequences of the markedness differential hypothesis mdh eckman, 1977 are discussed in comparison with the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Elan dresher and keren rice of the department of linguistics at the university of toronto, supported by a grant from the social science and humanities research council of canada social science and humanities research council of canada sshrc research grant 41020082645, 20082011. Be familiar with how mother tongue interfers in the second language outline introduction 1. Cah this extension of the notion of ca attributed the ability to predict errors to a ca of two languages, a predictability that practitioners associated with the degree of similarity between the two systems.
Ca does not analyze the language acquisition process in all the ways. Besides, i introduced the notion of the classical term interference, and i even trid to. Full text of contrastive analysis and error analysis a. Chinese, very few empirical studies have applied the markedness theories to the field analysis. Contrastive analysis hypothesis errro analysis hypothesis. The contrastive analysis hypothesis cah in the 1950s, the study of second language acquisition sla was largely based on the contrastive hypothesis or contrastive analysis hypothesis, cah. Acomparisonoftheenglishandtagalogsoundsystems 3between these two languages. Markedness and syllabus design in sla sciencedirect. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. Learning language, is a question of habit formation. In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as unusual or divergent in comparison to a more common or regular form. Critical examination of the assumptions of contrastive. Such a claim is perhaps unwarranted, but a period of quiescence is probable for contrastive analysis itself.
Lado, the study of second language acquisition, rod ellis p. Contrastive analysis hypothesis states that the structure of the learners l1 affects the acquisition the two terms acquisitionlearning interchangeably of their l2, in the sense that whenever there are similarities the l2 learning is facilitated, and whenever there are differences the learning process is difficult. Contrastive analysisca is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the target languagetl learner by evaluating languages m. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, university of toronto, toronto. Contrastive analysis was influenced by the prevailing learning theories in the 1960s, notable among them being behaviourism and linguistics structuralisms. Thus, ant is less marked than ants on the morphological level, but on the semantic and frequency levels it may be more marked since ants are more often encountered many at once than one at a time. Contrastive analysis hypothesis errro analysis hypothesis ugrelated sla creative construction hypothesis markedness differential hypothesis monitor model competition model acculturation model c. Contrastive analysis hypothesis crosslinguistic influence. Contrastive analysis ca is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the target languagetl learner by evaluating languages m. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis.
The following assumptions mav be said to underlie the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Students of a foreign language transfer the items, categories and structures of their native language to the target language. Markedness in universal grammar and second language acquisition. The advantage of exploiting contrastive analysis in teaching and learning a f oreign language. Suggests that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty which corresponds to the notion of typological markedness. However, markedness theories predict it is not necessarily the structural differences that will lead to difficulty but the differences in markedness relations will do. I then apply this approach to nevinss 2010 analysis of microvariation in yoruba dialects, and argue that the hypothesis that harmony triggers are always contrastive can be. Contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. He goes on to point out subsequent theorists criticism of the subjectivity of original cah observations and presents research finding no support for the predictions of the contrastive analyses so carefully worked out by linguists p. May 30, 2012 history the theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in lados linguistics across cultures 1957. At the end are guiding questions for the educator to contemplate instruction and contrastive analysis.
The markedness differential hypothesis the mdh was formulated as an attempt to address some of the problems with the cah contrastive analysis hypothesis. May 01, 2017 be familar with the field of contrastive analysis. Begins with the notion of the markedness differential hypothesis mdhi. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of difficulty in languages. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. Using both psycholinguistic and linguistic analysis, he establishes a sound theoretical basis for ca before going on to illustrate its contribution to the study of linguistic universals, bilingualism, and language. The mdh, stated in 3, claimed that typological markedness must be incorporated into the classic contrastive analysis hypothesis cah lado 1957. Markedness and the contrastive hierarchy in phonology. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to explore the difficulties of native english speaking learners, in acquiring chinese as a second language and how it is related to the markedness theories, in particular, the typological markedness hypothesis. Contrastive analysis or contrastive linguistic is one of the applied linguistics that analyzes and describes the comparison equalities and differences between source language l1 and target language l2. This means that their old habits may interfere with their learning task. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957.
In short, the cah holds that nltl differences are both necessary and sufficient to explain the difficulty that occurs in l2 learning. Contrastive analysis hypothesis by lin laoshi on prezi. Markedness and second language acquisition cambridge core. Contrastive analysis and error analysis in combination. The basic pillars of the behaviourists theory is that habits are formed through repeated association between stimulus and response which is bounded when positively reinforced and eradicated. Cah this extension of the notion of ca attributed the ability to predict errors to a ca of two languages, a predictability that practitioners associated with. Contrastive analysis literature crosslinguistictransfer. Markedness and second language acquisition volume 9 issue 3 lydia white. Eckman university of wisconsinmilwaukee the purpose of this entry is to describe and exemplify the markedness differential hypothesis henceforth mdh, as formulated in eckman 1977. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. The main difference between the approximative system hypothesis and the interlanguage hypothesis is that the latter emphasizes the structurally intermediate status of the learners language system between mother tongue and target language, while the former emphasizes the transitional and dynamic nature of the system keshavarz, 1999.
Request pdf markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis the purpose of this paper is to propose that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah should be revised to incorporate a notion. This looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. Contrastive analysis was used extensively in the field of second language acquisition sla in the 1960s and early 1970s, as a method of explaining why some features of a target language were more difficult to acquire than others. Contrastive linguistics, english, german, interference language, language instruction, learning problems, phonology, second language. However, contrastive analysis certainly cannot predict these developmental errors. What is more marked in some general contexts may be less marked in other local contexts. Contrastive analysis presents a successful theoretical and practical case for the value of ca as a research tool, both for those studying applied linguistics and for teachers needing to adjust their teaching to the state of knowledge of their students.